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Formula Osmolality & NEC: The Assumed Risk That Evidence Doesn't Support
May 25, 2026
High osmolality in fortified infant feeds has long been assumed to raise the risk of feeding intolerance and NEC in preterm infants - yet the...
Karen Harris
The Science Behind Baby-Led Weaning Is More Complicated Than You Think
May 18, 2026
Blog Overview Summary: Baby-led weaning - letting infants self-feed finger foods from six months instead of being spoon-fed purées - is growing in popularity, but...
Evidence on ARA Concentration and DHA Status in Infant Formula
March 2, 2026
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids commonly added to infant formula. Their concentrations and ratios may vary between products....
Evidence on Protein Content in Infant Formula
February 23, 2026
Protein content in infant formula varies between products. Some formulas contain higher protein levels (≥ 2.5 g per 100 kcal), historically intended to support growth....
Synbiotics, LC-PUFA & MFGM Formula: Slower Microbiome, Better Neurodevelopment?
February 11, 2026
Blog Overview Summary: The COGNIS trial found that a formula combining MFGM, synbiotics, and LC-PUFA slowed gut microbiota maturation toward a breastfed-like pattern in some...
Less Iron, Less Protein — Does MFGM Formula Still Support Healthy Growth?
Can a formula with added MFGM but lower iron and protein still support healthy infant growth? This double-blind RCT with 373 infants found no clinically...
Palm Oil in Baby Formula: What Does the Science Actually Say?
This 2019 ESPGHAN position paper systematically reviewed 33 clinical studies on palm oil and SN-2-palmitate (beta-palmitate) in infant formula. Palm oil is consistently linked to...
Bovine MFGM in Infant Formula: Effects on Gut Microbiome and Metabolome
This exploratory sub-study examined the gut microbiome and fecal metabolome of infants fed a bovine MFGM-supplemented low-protein formula, a standard formula, or breast milk as...
HMOs in Infant Formula: Effects on Growth and Morbidity
This was the first randomized controlled trial to test infant formula supplemented with two human milk oligosaccharides (2′FL and LNnT) simultaneously. Growth was fully comparable...
Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) in Infant Formula: Effects on Gut Microbiota and Antibiotic Use
Formula-fed infants who received a formula enriched with two human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) developed a gut microbiome more similar to breastfed infants during the first...
Protein Content, Bottle Feeding, and Early Growth Patterns
This systematic review of 18 studies examined whether specific formula feeding practices are associated with rapid weight gain during the first two years of life....
Prebiotics in Infant Formula: Effects on Gut Microbiota and Growth
This systematic review and meta-analysis of 30 randomized controlled trials evaluated the effects of prebiotic-supplemented cow’s milk-based infant formula in infants ≤6 months of age....